Underdevelopment in AJK, Danish Khan
The political-economic relationship between Pakistan and Azad
Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) is like that of the core and periphery. The binary of
core and periphery is a central theme of the dependency school in international
political economy.
According to the dependency theory, the differentiation between core and periphery is predicated on the power asymmetry in favour of the former. Moreover, the political-economic configuration in the peripheral country is subservient to the interests of the core country. As a consequence, the pace of socio-economic development in the peripheral society is hampered. But the story of AJK is further complicated by the fact that in the realm of global capitalism, Pakistan itself plays a role of a peripheral country. Therefore, at the scale of global capitalism, AJK can be conceptualised as a periphery of a peripheral country.
According to the dependency theory, the differentiation between core and periphery is predicated on the power asymmetry in favour of the former. Moreover, the political-economic configuration in the peripheral country is subservient to the interests of the core country. As a consequence, the pace of socio-economic development in the peripheral society is hampered. But the story of AJK is further complicated by the fact that in the realm of global capitalism, Pakistan itself plays a role of a peripheral country. Therefore, at the scale of global capitalism, AJK can be conceptualised as a periphery of a peripheral country.
Consequently, most socio-economic and
development indicators in AJK are extremely distressful. According to the
planning and development department of AJK, around 50 percent of the total
population in Azad Kashmir has no access to piped water. Seventy-eight percent
of the total households do not have tap water connections. Similarly,
healthcare facilities in AJK are well below par even according to Pakistani
standards. For example, the average population per doctor in Pakistan is 1127;
whereas in AJK this ratio is 4,799. Similarly, infant mortality rate is
worst in AJK vis-à-vis mainland Pakistan. The official rate of unemployment in
AJK is as high as 13 percent. This is twice as high as the rate of unemployment
in mainland Pakistan.
But out of the total fiscal budget of Rs68 billion for FY2015-2016, the AJK government has only allocated 17 percent towards development. Eighty-three percent of the budget is allocated to non-development/recurring expenditures to reproduce state machinery.
But out of the total fiscal budget of Rs68 billion for FY2015-2016, the AJK government has only allocated 17 percent towards development. Eighty-three percent of the budget is allocated to non-development/recurring expenditures to reproduce state machinery.
What are those exact channels through
which this power asymmetry between Pakistan and AJK is expressed? According to
Prof Daron Acemoglu, political institutions are the main source through which
development (or lack thereof) is determined in a country. Countries with ‘inclusive’
political institutions develop, while those with ‘extractive’ institutions
remain under-developed. Inclusive political institutions are those that are
representative. Inclusive institutions ensure that economic surplus is invested
in people through proper checks and balances on the political elite. On the
contrary, extractive institutions are not representative; instead they
facilitate the processes through which economic surplus is pumped out of the
country.
AJK does not have ‘inclusive’ political institutions; instead it has ‘extractive’ political institutions. In AJK important political and administrative powers are entrusted with a non-elected body – the Kashmir Council. It is headed by the prime minister of Pakistan (who is not elected by the people of AJK) as the chairperson, with twelve members, six of whom are picked by the prime minister from the National Assembly of Pakistan (none of them are elected by the people of AJK) and the remaining six come from the elected assembly of AJK. All the executive powers of the council are vested in the chairperson. Important subjects such as electricity, hydropower generation, tourism, population planning, banking, insurance, trading corporations, telecommunication, planning for economic coordination, highways, minerals, oil and gas, and development of industries, all fall under the dispatch of Kashmir Council. Therefore, the most important political institution is of an ‘extractive’ nature.
Now let’s take the example of high unemployment rate and its linkage with political institutions in AJK. The high rate of unemployment is a result of insufficient public and private investments in the productive sectors of the economy. A government would undertake development projects in the public sector only when the right incentives are in place –.in other words, when there are ‘inclusive’ political institutions in the country. Because in electoral democracy, the governing party undertakes development projects in the service of their electorate while hoping that they will be re-elected with the support of their electorate. But because the Kashmir Council is neither an elected nor a representative body, therefore there is an obvious incentive problem.
AJK does not have ‘inclusive’ political institutions; instead it has ‘extractive’ political institutions. In AJK important political and administrative powers are entrusted with a non-elected body – the Kashmir Council. It is headed by the prime minister of Pakistan (who is not elected by the people of AJK) as the chairperson, with twelve members, six of whom are picked by the prime minister from the National Assembly of Pakistan (none of them are elected by the people of AJK) and the remaining six come from the elected assembly of AJK. All the executive powers of the council are vested in the chairperson. Important subjects such as electricity, hydropower generation, tourism, population planning, banking, insurance, trading corporations, telecommunication, planning for economic coordination, highways, minerals, oil and gas, and development of industries, all fall under the dispatch of Kashmir Council. Therefore, the most important political institution is of an ‘extractive’ nature.
Now let’s take the example of high unemployment rate and its linkage with political institutions in AJK. The high rate of unemployment is a result of insufficient public and private investments in the productive sectors of the economy. A government would undertake development projects in the public sector only when the right incentives are in place –.in other words, when there are ‘inclusive’ political institutions in the country. Because in electoral democracy, the governing party undertakes development projects in the service of their electorate while hoping that they will be re-elected with the support of their electorate. But because the Kashmir Council is neither an elected nor a representative body, therefore there is an obvious incentive problem.
The prime minister of Pakistan and
members of the National Assembly have their voters in mainland Pakistan and not
in AJK. Meanwhile the presence of members of Azad Kashmir’s legislative
assembly in the Kashmir Council is purely a token representation based on
patronage and wealth. As a consequence, the state of Azad Kashmir has miserably
failed in making public investments in the industrial sector.
This is epitomised by the fact that there is only one industrial unit in the
public sector in all of AJK.
According to the ‘social structure of
accumulation’ theory, private investment requires political stability and some
level of predictability about the future. The political and constitutional
status of AJK is ambiguous at best – it is neither a sovereign territory nor a
constitutional unit of the federation of Pakistan. It is still considered
‘disputed’ territory. Therefore, private investors are reluctant to invest in
AJK due to the uncertainty associated with its geo-political future.
Historically, progressives in Pakistan
have associated feudalism with underdevelopment in AJK. But empirical evidence
suggests that the majority in AJK participates in independent production (more
commonly known as self-employment). According to a 2013 report of the planning
and development department of AJK, 87 percent of the households own land/farm
in AJK; and the average farm size is 5.53 acres. But due to unavailability of
institutional credit, small farmers are unable to purchase modern agricultural
inputs and technology which are extremely expensive in AJK due to high
transportation costs. Consequently, small farmers are forced to engage in
primordial farming techniques. An obvious downside of this is low agricultural
productivity.
Agricultural productivity could have
been improved via proactive state intervention in the economy through
collectivisation of small farms into medium-size cooperatives and by offering
institutional credit to farmers. Similarly, to boost economic activity and employment
the state could have facilitated the processes of rural industrialisation
through small-scale industries (SSIs).
SSIs can be useful in two ways. First,
in rural spaces they create more jobs compared to urban industrialisation or
rural agriculture. Second, in rural spaces they can create forward and backward
linkages with both agriculture and industry. This can potentially lead to
higher growth in overall economy. But unfortunately the AJK state pays no
attention to these economic matters. Because, as mentioned above, the
pre-requisite for the state to consider and undertake these initiatives is the
following: inclusive political institutions. Therefore, we can positively infer
that the current state of underdevelopment in AJK can be best elucidated
through its extractive political institutions.
The writer is a PhD candidate in
thedepartment of economics at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
The News, June 27, 2015
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