YEAR OF HORROR IN SINDH
PAKISTAN: YEAR OF HORROR IN SINDH – ANALYSIS
By Ambreen Agha
At least
13 Policemen were killed and 58 persons were injured in a suicide blast
targeting a bus carrying 50 Police officers near the gate of the Razzakabad
Police Training Centre in the Shah Latif Town of Karachi, the provincial
capital of Sindh, on February 13, 2014. Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP)
‘spokesman’ Shahidullah Shahid claiming responsibility for the attack,
declaring, “We carried out the attack against the Police because they are
killing our people.”
On
January 7, 2014, TTP terrorists had killed six people near the Sufi shrine of
Ayub Shah Bukhari in Gulshan-e-Maymar area of Gadap Town in Karachi. Two of the
victims were beheaded, while the rest had their throats slit. The Police found
a bloodstained knife and note, written by the TTP, which read, “Stop visiting
shrines — from the Pakistani Taliban. People visiting shrines will meet the
same fate.”
On
January 2, 2014, three gangsters were shot dead in an ambush by a rival group
in the Ilyas Goth area of Liaquatabad Town, Karachi. The deceased were involved
in murders, gang wars, abduction-for-ransom, extortion and other criminal
activities in Landhi and Malir Towns of Karachi District.
These
incidents are only a few of the proliferating manifestations of the violence
that flourishes in Sindh, because of an intricate relationship between
terrorist outfits, violent political organisations and criminal gangs.
According to partial data compiled by the South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP),
Sindh has already recorded 273 fatalities, including 180 civilians, 46 Security
Force (SF) personnel, and 47 terrorists in the first two months of year 2014,
and remains the second worst terrorism affected region across Pakistan in terms
of fatalities [the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) rank first, with
290 killed, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) is third, with 187 dead]. Sindh,
however, continued to hold the dubious distinction of recording the highest
number of civilian fatalities, at 180, over this period, followed by 120 in KP,
92 in Balochistan, 20 in Punjab and 20 in FATA.
Terrorist
attacks, sectarian and political violence and gang wars were the three indices
that made Sindh, which recorded 1,668 fatalities in 2013, second among the most
violence-afflicted Provinces in Pakistan [after FATA, which saw 1,716 killed
during the year]. Even in 2013, however, Sindh held the first position in terms
of civilian fatalities, by far, with 1,285 killed, distantly followed by KP,
where 603 civilian fatalities were recorded. 156 SF personnel, and 227
terrorists were killed in the Province in 2013. In 2012, these numbers stood at
a total of 1,553 fatalities, including 1,318 civilians, 118 SF personnel and
117 terrorists. Fatalities among SFs and terrorists increased by 32.2 per cent
and 94.01 per cent, respectively, between 2012 and 2013. The rise in fatalities
in these two categories is primarily due to escalating confrontations between
the two sides, as the worsening law and order situation forced the Government
to launch limited operations.
Terrorism
related fatalities in Sindh: 2010-2014
|
Years
|
Civilians
|
SFs
|
Militants
|
Total
|
|
2010
|
777
|
61
|
158
|
996
|
|
2011
|
1082
|
61
|
68
|
1211
|
|
2012
|
1318
|
118
|
117
|
1553
|
|
2013
|
1285
|
156
|
227
|
1668
|
|
2014
|
180
|
46
|
47
|
273
|
|
Total*
|
4642
|
442
|
617
|
5701
|
Source:
SATP, *Data till March 2, 2014
Though
civilians continued to face the brunt of terror through 2013, there was a
marginal decline of 2.50 per cent in fatalities in this category, as compared
to 2012. According to SATP data, of 1,285 civilians killed in 2013, 151 died in
91 sectarian attacks, as compared to 122 killed in 92 such attacks in 2012.
Other
parameters of violence registered significant increase. Incidents of killing in
2013 increased to 1,215, from 1,105 in 2012. Major incidents (each involving
three or more fatalities) and resultant fatalities increased to 56 and 282,
respectively, as compared to 38 and 149, respectively, in 2012. Incidents of
bomb blast and resultant fatalities in 2013 increased to 122 and 193,
respectively, from 77 and 42 in 2012.
Karachi
was the worst hit among all 23 Districts of the Province. Of the total of 1,668
killings in Sindh, 1,638 (98.2 per cent) took place in Karachi alone. Of 1,285
civilians killed in the Province in 2013, 1,270 civilian killings (98.83 per
cent) occurred in Karachi alone, followed by six in Hyderabad District, three
in Kashmore District, two each in Khairpur and Shikarpur Districts, and one
each in Jacobabad and Sukkur Districts.
Karachi’s
descent into anarchy has been enormously accelerated as a result of the influx
of TTP cadres from the country’s tribal areas. According to a January 20, 2014,
threat report by security agencies, a further influx of TTP operatives into
Karachi is likely, to avenge the deployment of military troops in the
Waziristan areas of the FATA. The report said that thousands of TTP operatives
are already living in Karachi, adding to the numbers of local operatives of
various other active and defunct organisations.
Adding to
the problem are a wide range of sectarian-terrorist outfits operating in the
city. These prominently include Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ),
Sipah-e-Sahaba-Pakistan (SSP), Jandullah, Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM), Sunni Tehreek
(ST) and Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan (SMP), among many others. Unsurprisingly,
barring one fatality in Jacobabad District, all 150 killings in 90 sectarian
attacks in Sindh Province occurred in Karachi alone.
Political
killings have also become the order of the day. Activists of the Pakistan
People’s Party (PPP), the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) and the Awami National
Party (ANP) have been the principal targets. A total of 345 activists of these
parties, including 191 of the MQM; 98 of the ANP, and 56 of the PPP, have been
killed since 2011. 176 of these, including 124 MQM, 36 ANP and 16 PPP activists
were killed in 2013 alone.
Turf wars
between two prominent criminal gangs, the Uzair Baloch-led People’s Amn
Committee (PAC, People’s Peace Committee) and the Ghaffar Zikri-led Lyari gang,
and their local wings, continuously exacerbate violence. Despite being banned,
these criminal formations continue to operate with the support of their
political patrons. The PAC is alleged to be supported by PPP and the Zikri
group thrives with the support of the MQM.
A Report
by Foreign Policy in September 2013 termed Karachi “the most dangerous
megacity” in the world. The Report cited a murder rate of 12.3 per 100,000
residents, “some 25 per cent higher than any other major city”.
The
epidemic of violence is worsened by an endemic extortion racket, making the
environment extremely volatile for the business community. Predicting 2013 as
“a record year for extortion in Karachi”, the chief of the Citizen-Police
Liaison Committee (CPLC), Ahmed Chinoy stated, “The extortion racket has blown
out of all proportion with the previous year.” According to the figures
collected by Chinoy’s committee, there were more than 630 extortion complaints
registered in Karachi from January 2013 to mid-June 2013, compared to 589 in
the whole of 2012. Most cases were registered by people who had refused to pay.
However, the Police claim that the actual number of incidents is many times
higher, since the vast majority of extortion demands go unreported, as victims
usually decide to pay. Kutchi Rabta Committee (KRC) leader Haji Adam, while
speaking of the menace of extortion on July 5, 2013, complained, “The situation
of Lyari is worse than that of Waziristan,” and added, “miscreants were free to
operate in the area.”
Fearing a
spill-over into other parts of the Province, Sindh Chief Minister Syed Qaim Ali
Shah, on February 24, 2014, cautioned, “Karachi-like terrorism must not hit
other parts of Sindh. Terrorism should not make its way into the interior of
Sindh with the intensity witnessed in Karachi.”
Significantly,
the Hyderabad and Sukkur Districts had each witnessed one major incident in
2013. On November 26, 2013, in a targeted attack on the Police, unidentified
terrorists shot dead four Policemen and injured another three, while the Police
unit was on mobile duty in the Latifabad area of Hyderabad District. A major
incident occurred in Sukkur District on July 24, 2013, when suicide bombers and
armed militants mounted an attack on the local office of Inter-Services
Intelligence (ISI) in the high security zone of the Sukkur Barrage Colony in
Sukkur town. Eight persons were killed, including four terrorists, three ISI
officials and a civilian, and another 50 were injured. It was combined attack
by the Mohmand Chapter of TTP and the Punjab Chapter of the Taliban (Punjabi
Taliban). An unnamed ‘commander’ of the outfit claimed responsibility for the
attack. These attacks, and a range of lesser indicators, suggest the gradual
penetration of the TTP in other parts of Sindh, potentially creating a far
greater challenge for a state apparatus that has, thus far, not been able to
combat the ongoing groundswell of terrorist, sectarian and criminal violence in
Karachi, the core area of militant activities, despite the tall claims of
“successful operations.”
The
crisis in Karachi – indeed, the crisis in Pakistan – is that the state, its
agencies, and the political forces that control these, are unwilling to
relinquish extremist Islam and terrorism as instruments of policy and of
domestic political management. Whatever limited action that has been taken
against particular terrorist or organised criminal gangs has been fitful,
selective and, in most cases, half-hearted. In the meanwhile, armed extremist
formations have consolidated their own independent bases of power, even as the
regime of collusion with elements within the establishment continues. Under the
circumstances, the challenge in Karachi – and potentially across wider areas in
Sindh – can only become more intractable with the passage of time.
Ambreen Agha
Research Assistant, Institute for Conflict Management
Research Assistant, Institute for Conflict Management
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